Quotations and punctuation - Quotation marks (“ ”) are mostly for showing speech or copying passages verbatim from other works, but sometimes they’re used for more than just punctuation. For certain types of works, they’re used to set apart titles. The general rule is to use quotation marks for titles of short works such as articles, poems, …

 
Dialogue worksheets: commas and quotation marks. Dialogue is set of from other words in a sentence by quotation marks; the associated use of commas can be confusing. In these worksheets, students add quotation marks and commas to dialogue. Worksheet #1 Worksheet #2. Worksheet #3.. Tesla maintenance cost

10 Quotation Marks Rules. Rule 1: Always Utilize Quotation Marks for Direct Quotes. Rule 2: Place Punctuation Inside the Quotation Marks. Rule 3: Use Single Inquotes For Titles. Rule 4: Use Double Quotes for Quoting in Dialogues. Rule 5: Place Comma Outside But Periods Inside. Rule 6: Reference The Source Properly If Not …Quotation marks (“ ”) Punctuation marks that are used in pairs to enclose direct quotations and titles of short works. set off a group of words from the rest of the text. Use quotation marks to indicate direct quotations of another person’s words or to indicate a title. Quotation marks always appear in pairs.Whether you are an aspiring writer, a student, or someone who simply wants to improve their writing skills, understanding proper sentence punctuation is crucial. Correct punctuatio...Quotations marks are used to denote language taken from another author or source. Keep in mind that APA prefers the use of paraphrases over direct quotations. …Oct 4, 2023 · Punctuation allows us to express ourselves to readers in clear and structured ways. It is the system by which we organize, pace, and contain written language so it does not become a chaotic crowd of loose and random thoughts. Within punctuation, the single quotation mark has particular functions. It is also a mark that can …. Pay attention to proper format and grammar (See VU Writing Studio handout Quotation Basics: Grammar, Punctuation, and Style), and always, always credit your source in order to avoid plagiarism. Citation styles (e.g. MLA, APA, or Chicago) vary by discipline. Ask your professor if you are uncertain, and then check style guides for formats.Quotation marks (also known as quotes or inverted commas) are used to indicate direct speech and quotations. In academic writing, you need to …ARROWSTREET GLOBAL EQUITY ACWI CIT CLASS F- Performance charts including intraday, historical charts and prices and keydata. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksUnit 1 Parts of speech: the noun. Unit 2 Parts of speech: the verb. Unit 3 Parts of speech: the pronoun. Unit 4 Parts of speech: the modifier. Unit 5 Parts of speech: the preposition and the conjunction. Unit 6 Punctuation: the comma and the apostrophe. Unit 7 Punctuation: the colon, semicolon, and more. Unit 8 Syntax: sentences and clauses.Except as noted under changes made to direct quotations, the quotation must match the wording, spelling, and interior punctuation of the original source, even if the source is incorrect. If any incorrect spelling, punctuation, or grammar in the source might confuse readers, insert the word “[ sic ],” italicized and in brackets, immediately ...Except as noted under changes made to direct quotations, the quotation must match the wording, spelling, and interior punctuation of the original source, even if the source is incorrect. If any incorrect spelling, punctuation, or grammar in the source might confuse readers, insert the word “[ sic ],” italicized and in brackets, immediately ...Double Punctuation with Quotations. Occasionally — very occasionally, we hope — we come across a sentence that seems to demand one kind of punctuation mark within quotation marks and another kind of punctuation mark outside the quotation marks. A kind of pecking order of punctuation marks takes over: other marks are stronger than a …Feb 19, 2567 BE ... A2: In American English, commas and periods typically go inside the quotation marks, regardless of whether they are part of the quoted material. Quotation marks may seem like a small and inconspicuous punctuation mark, but they play a crucial role in our writing. They have the power to distinguish between someone’s words and our own, to signal the use of special terms, and to add emphasis to certain phrases. In this guide, I’ll walk you through all the… Read More »Mastering Quotation Marks: Rules, Tips, and Examples Dialogue and punctuation - identify incorrectly punctuated dialogue. Quotation marks - add quotation marks and commas to the sentences. Indirect and direct quotations - add punctuation to indirect and direct dialogue. Writing dialogue - write dialogue between two characters. Other punctuation worksheets. Its or It's - practice with its and it'sQuotations marks are used to denote language taken from another author or source. Keep in mind that APA prefers the use of paraphrases over direct quotations. … The web's most comprehensive guide to American punctuation. Common Mistakes to Avoid Quotation Marks. Incorrect punctuation with quotation marks is a common mistake that can affect the clarity and grammatical correctness of your writing. Here are some common mistakes to avoid and examples of correct usage: Misplacing Commas and Periods: Incorrect: He said, “I’ll be there by 6:00 …No sentence is complete without a punctuation mark! Learn about the common types of punctuation marks & typographical symbols and how to use them.Titles of chapters, articles, episodes, and songs should be in quotation marks. Quotes, including song lyrics or quoted notes and messages, should be in quotation marks, but if they exceed a few lines, they should be in block quotes. When referring to a word as a term, use italics. Example: The word book has multiple meanings.Here is the standard correct in-text citation style according to MLA guidelines: “Quotation” (Author’s Last Name Page Number). Take a moment to carefully consider the placement of the parts and punctuation of this in-text citation. Note that there is no punctuation indicating the end of a sentence inside of the quotation marks—closing ...Whether you’re a grammar enthusiast or a casual writer, mastering punctuation is essential for clear and effective communication. One common challenge many people face is knowing h...Quotation Marks. A quotation mark is a form of punctuation. Writers can use single (’) or double ('') quotation marks, which have two primary purposes: to denote dialogue and to present a direct ...It’s also possible to quote multiple quotes within a quote in only one sentence. Examples: In his speech, Eddie told the people, “My brother told me, ‘Just forget about it,’ but my friends said, ‘never give up.’”. I remember my grandfather saying, “‘Be strong’ and ‘Keep smiling’ were the daily reminders I had for myself.”.Is someone speaking in your writing? Are you citing a book or a film? Then we see quotation marks in your future. Learn how to use them correctly in your writing here. British style (more sensibly) places unquoted periods and commas outside the quotation marks. For all other punctuation, the British and American styles are in agreement: unless the punctuation is part of the quoted material, it goes outside the quotation marks. Titles. Mr., Mrs., and Ms. all take periods in American English. Clearly, we can't use a period here because that would confuse the reader. So, a comma has replaced the period and has been correctly placed inside the quotation to recognize that the quotation had its own end punctuation.) So, in the UK, commas and periods go outside, unless they appear in the original quotation, in which case they go inside.The web's most comprehensive guide to American punctuation.May 21, 2019 · Punctuation following quotations. US and UK English also differ on where to place punctuation within quotation marks. In US English, commas and periods that follow a quote are placed within the quotation marks. In UK English, all punctuation marks are placed outside the quotation marks, except when they are part of the original quotation. MLA Quotation Punctuation. The punctuation for integrating academic quotes is a little different than dialogue punctuation. When a quotation ends a sentence and the parenthetical citation is at the end, the period should come after the citation. Additionally, there are separate rules for long quotations.Punctuation Inside Quotation Marks. For American people, commas and periods go inside quotation marks, even if the punctuation isn’t part of the original quote. But in British English, all punctuation goes outside the closing quote marks, unless it’s part of the original quotation. Examples “Toto is my favorite character,” said Sian ... Practice Quiz: Quotations and Punctuation. From each set of sentences below, choose the sentence with the correct punctuation, if any punctuation is needed, between the writer's words and the quoted words. Show all questions. How Grammarly Can Help. Grammarly ’ s full range of writing feedback is designed to help you make your writing the best it can be. With real-time suggestions on everything from spelling, grammar, and punctuation to tone and clarity, you can be confident that your writing presents your ideas in their best light. The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation leans towards usage rules in CMS along with other authoritative texts and does not attempt to conform to the AP Stylebook, which differs significantly in some aspects. Punctuation rules with examples including apostrophes, colons, commas, quotation marks, semicolons, and more provided by The Blue Book of ... We'll get to semicolons later. Colons (:) introduce clauses or phrases that serve to describe, amplify, or restate what precedes them. Often they are used to introduce a quote or a list that satisfies the previous statement. For example, this summary could be written as "Colons can introduce many things: descriptors, quotes, lists, and more." The fourteen punctuation marks most commonly used in English are periods, question marks, exclamation points, commas, colons, semicolons, dashes, hyphens, brackets, braces, parentheses, apostrophes, quotation marks, and ellipses. Read about how they can each be used in this handy guide. BLACKROCK MUNIHOLDINGS QUALITY FUND II, INC.- Performance charts including intraday, historical charts and prices and keydata. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksPunctuation: Everything You Need to Know. Lindsay Kramer. Updated on September 16, 2022 Grammar. You can’t write without punctuation. …Quotation templates are an essential tool for businesses of all sizes. They help streamline the process of creating and managing quotations, allowing companies to save time and res... The web's most comprehensive guide to American punctuation. Use quotation marks around titles of short works of writing, such as essays, songs, poems, short stories, and chapters in books. Usually, titles of longer works, such as books, magazines, albums, newspapers, and novels, are italicized. “ Annabelle Lee ” is one of my favorite romantic poems. The New York Times has been in publication since 1851.Where does your period go in quotes? Is it inside or outside of the quotation marks? What about your exclamation point? Your question mark? Ellipses for omitted material spanning two or more sentences. When a quotation is presented as a single sentence made up of material from two or more original sentences, ellipses should be used for all omitted segments. Example. Thoreau believes that “if one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life ... Punctuation plays a crucial role in conveying meaning and clarity in your writing. Using the correct punctuation marks can greatly enhance the effectiveness of your sentences. Howe... Practice Quiz: Quotations and Punctuation. From each set of sentences below, choose the sentence with the correct punctuation, if any punctuation is needed, between the writer's words and the quoted words. Show all questions. Clearly, we can't use a period here because that would confuse the reader. So, a comma has replaced the period and has been correctly placed inside the quotation to recognize that the quotation had its own end punctuation.) So, in the UK, commas and periods go outside, unless they appear in the original quotation, in which case they go inside.Quotation Marks (“” ‘’) Quotation marks are punctuation marks that are used to indicate direct speech or emphasize a given word or phrase. There are many easy-to-overlook rules related to quotation mark usage. Common confusions involve capitalization, the use of quotes within quotes, and other punctuation marks.Punctuation marks are a set of signs and different symbols used in written language to clarify what, when, and how things are being said. This guide covers everything you need to know about punctuation marks ... Quotation Marks (“ ”) The common quotation marks or inverted commas are used to make direct quotations or repetitions of someone ...Understanding the Basics: Full Stop and Quotation Marks. The full stop, known as a period in American English, is a critical punctuation mark used to indicate the end of a sentence. Quotation marks, on the other hand, are used to denote direct speech, quotations, or titles of certain works. The interplay between these two marks is where the ...Punctuation. Quotation Marks. How to Use Quotation Marks. Using Quotation Marks. The primary function of quotation marks is to set off and represent exact …quotation marks „ “ (die Anführungszeichen) Quotation marks in German are unique. The ones at the beginning are at the bottom pointing to the left. The closing ones are at the upper end of the last word …10 Quotation Marks Rules. Rule 1: Always Utilize Quotation Marks for Direct Quotes. Rule 2: Place Punctuation Inside the Quotation Marks. Rule 3: Use Single Inquotes For Titles. Rule 4: Use Double Quotes for Quoting in Dialogues. Rule 5: Place Comma Outside But Periods Inside. Rule 6: Reference The Source Properly If Not …Semicolons, colons, and dashes always go outside the closing quotation mark. Periods and commas always go inside the closing quotation mark (in American English). Question marks and exclamation points require you to think about the sentence a little to determine where they go. Quotation mark image courtesy …Aug 6, 2021 · Learn the rules of using quotation marks for direct and indirect quotes, titles, scare quotes, and single quotes. Follow the examples and tips to avoid common mistakes and improve your writing. Punctuation. How to Use Em Dashes (—), En Dashes (–) , and Hyphens (-) Be dashing—and do it well. A Guide to Deciphering Diacritics You know, the markings above and below letters. A Guide to Using Semicolons You too can become a semicolon master! Guest Post: What's a Diaeresis?Punctuation: Quotation Marks. Double quotation marks are used for direct quotations and titles of compositions such as books, plays, movies, songs, lectures and TV shows. They also can be used to indicate irony and introduce an unfamiliar term or nickname. Single quotation marks are used for a quote within a quote. …Here are the rules: Put the exclamation point inside the closing quotation marks if it applies to the words enclosed by the quotation marks. “There’s a spider on my arm!” yelped Jeremy. If the exclamation point applies to the sentence as a whole, then place it at the very end. And then the paramedics tried to tell Jeremy it was “only a ...A punctuation mark is then used after the reporting clause, before the next set of speech marks. If you've put the reporting clause in the middle of a sentence of speech then this should be a ...During the course of a marriage, you may inherit property or money. Your spouse may believe that, because she is married to you, she has a right to whatever inheritance you get. Th...Is someone speaking in your writing? Are you citing a book or a film? Then we see quotation marks in your future. Learn how to use them correctly in your writing here.Punctuation is the collection of marks that we use to make sentences flow smoothly and express meaning clearly. It tells us when to pause or add a certain feeling to our words; it separates ideas so that sentences are clear, it points out titles, quotes, and other key parts of language—punctuation is important!Practice Quiz: Quotations and Punctuation. From each set of sentences below, choose the sentence with the correct punctuation, if any punctuation is needed, between the writer's words and the quoted words. Thoreau asks "If the bell rings, why should we run?" Thoreau asks "If the bell rings, why should we run?" (no …Quotation Marks (“” ‘’) Quotation marks are punctuation marks that are used to indicate direct speech or emphasize a given word or phrase. There are many easy-to-overlook rules related to quotation mark usage. Common confusions involve capitalization, the use of quotes within quotes, and other punctuation marks.Use quotation marks (also known as inverted commas or quotes) to enclose the exact words of another person’s speech or text. Quotation marks always appear in pairs: use an opening quotation mark to indicate the start of quoted text and a closing quotation mark to indicate its end. Maya said, “We need more time.”.Quotation marks (“ ”) Punctuation marks that are used in pairs to enclose direct quotations and titles of short works. set off a group of words from the rest of the text. Use quotation marks to indicate direct quotations of another person’s words or to indicate a title. Quotation marks always appear in pairs.Grammarly. Updated on May 10, 2023 Grammar. Quotation marks are used to identify words that someone has said. You’ll often find them in fiction, where they signify dialogue, the words spoken by the characters. In newspapers, journalists use quotation marks to signify that something is a direct quote from a person in the article.Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world …For quotations that are more than four lines of prose or three lines of verse, place quotations in a free-standing block of text and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented 1/2 inch from the left margin while maintaining double-spacing. Your parenthetical citation should come after …How Grammarly Can Help. Grammarly ’ s full range of writing feedback is designed to help you make your writing the best it can be. With real-time suggestions on everything from spelling, grammar, and punctuation to tone and clarity, you can be confident that your writing presents your ideas in their best light.LOOMIS SAYLES SENIOR FLOATING RATE AND FIXED INCOME FUND CLASS N- Performance charts including intraday, historical charts and prices and keydata. Indices Commodities Currencies St...Microsoft Word offers users the ability to check for punctuation errors when creating documents. The program can detect errors when the user selects the appropriate grammar setting...Punctuation marks are a set of signs and different symbols used in written language to clarify what, when, and how things are being said. This guide covers everything you need to know about punctuation marks ... But you use them to clarify information within quotes. In short, it’s like parentheses for direct quotations to … Practice Quiz: Quotations and Punctuation. From each set of sentences below, choose the sentence with the correct punctuation, if any punctuation is needed, between the writer's words and the quoted words. Show all questions. We can help ensure that quotation marks for emphasis serve our writing properly by avoiding the following uses of them. 1) Avoid using quotation marks for emphasis either too much or inconsistently. Such “expertise” includes “mismanaging the city budget.”. Ricky has “seen Star Wars 149 times,” but he “insists” he’s just a ... Feb 1, 2018 · The MLA Handbook notes, “By convention, commas and periods that directly follow quotations go inside the closing quotation marks” (267). Thus, in the following sentence, the comma is placed after taught: “You’ve got to be carefully taught,” wrote Oscar Hammerstein II. The rule is the same for a list of titles: Julio Cortázar wrote ... Time for some more dumb rules for interrupted quotations. Dumb rule 3: In a sentence with an interrupted quotation, the comma is inside the quotation marks for the first half of a quotation. Dumb rule 4: In a sentence with an interrupted quotation, the speaker tag is followed by a comma before the quotation marks.Students will rewrite sentences using quotation marks and dialogue tags in this worksheet. Each sentence has a thought or statement that can be used in quotation marks. This is a great worksheet to use to help your students understand where and why we use quotation marks. Check their answer's after the worksheet using the included answer … British style (more sensibly) places unquoted periods and commas outside the quotation marks. For all other punctuation, the British and American styles are in agreement: unless the punctuation is part of the quoted material, it goes outside the quotation marks. Titles. Mr., Mrs., and Ms. all take periods in American English. BLACKROCK MUNIHOLDINGS QUALITY FUND II, INC.- Performance charts including intraday, historical charts and prices and keydata. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksQuotation marks are placed at the beginning and end of words or sentences. Quotation marks are used to signal direct quotes, indicate titles of certain works, and refer to technical or specialized terms. They may occur in the form of a single (‘ ’) or double (“ ”) quotation marks. They are also known as quote marks, inverted commas ...In Japanese punctuation, double quotes go inside single quotes when you're quoting text within text. It's the same rules as in British English punctuation (single first, double second). Sometimes people will use these double quotes alone as if they are single quotes, but that's a stylistic choice on their part.Apr 15, 2022 · Citing a quote in APA Style. To cite a direct quote in APA, you must include the author’s last name, the year, and a page number, all separated by commas. If the quote appears on a single page, use “p.”; if it spans a page range, use “pp.”. An APA in-text citation can be parenthetical or narrative. RBC Capital analyst Kenneth Lee maintained a Buy rating on Owl Rock Capital (ORCC – Research Report) on February 26 and set a price target... RBC Capital analyst Kenneth Lee ...In the world of business, quotations play a crucial role in sealing deals and closing sales. A well-crafted quotation not only showcases your professionalism but also helps potenti...It’s also possible to quote multiple quotes within a quote in only one sentence. Examples: In his speech, Eddie told the people, “My brother told me, ‘Just forget about it,’ but my friends said, ‘never give up.’”. I remember my grandfather saying, “‘Be strong’ and ‘Keep smiling’ were the daily reminders I had for myself.”.A comma is not used to set off a "he said/she said" clause if the part of the quotation preceding the clause ends with a question mark or exclamation point.Quotation marks are a pair of punctuation marks used to set off quotations, which are selections of text or speech said by someone besides the …Dec 24, 2556 BE ... People often ask if there are exceptions to the American rule that periods and commas go inside the closing quotation mark. What if the thing in ...We can help ensure that quotation marks for emphasis serve our writing properly by avoiding the following uses of them. 1) Avoid using quotation marks for emphasis either too much or inconsistently. Such “expertise” includes “mismanaging the city budget.”. Ricky has “seen Star Wars 149 times,” but he “insists” he’s just a ...Long Quotations - 40 words or more. Start the quotation on a new line and indent the entire quotation a half inch from the left margin. Do not use quotation marks. Indicate new paragraphs within the quotation by an additional indent. Follow the final sentence with a parenthetical citation. Researchers have studied how people talk to …Quotation Marks. A quotation mark is a form of punctuation. Writers can use single (’) or double ('') quotation marks, which have two primary purposes: to denote dialogue and to present a direct ...sits outside of the quotation marks. quotation marks Quotation marks show the beginning and end of a quotation or title of a short work. When citing, the quotation and punctuation rules change; see “Paraphrasing and Quoting” and …

Inline quotations (39 words or fewer) When quoting, a comma should be used to set off a complete sentence inserted within your sentence. Also, the closing period of the sentence appears after the citation for an inline quotation. Example: Smith (2002) testified, “No one had ever explained the rules of …. How to prune a fig tree

quotations and punctuation

Write with Grammarly. We know that capitalization is reserved for the beginnings of sentences, so when we see a capital letter mid-sentence, it might seem like a mistake. When using quotations, though, capitalization in mid-sentence is common. More specifically, when quotations form complete sentences, they must be capitalized no …Quotations marks are used to denote language taken from another author or source.Keep in mind that APA prefers the use of paraphrases over direct quotations.Use direct quotations purposefully and sparingly. Note the bolding and highlighting used for emphasis in the examples on this page.. Quotation Mark …When writing, we use punctuation to indicate these places of emphases. This handout should help to clarify when and how to use various marks of punctuation. Independent clause: a clause that has a subject and a verb and can stand alone; a complete sentence. Dependent clause: a clause that has a subject and a verb but …Dec 29, 2017 · Titles and Subtitles. Section 1.2.1 of the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook says, “Use a colon and a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless the title ends in a question mark or an exclamation point. Include other punctuation only if it is part of the title or subtitle.”. The handbook provides the following examples: Grammarly. Updated on May 10, 2023 Grammar. Quotation marks are used to identify words that someone has said. You’ll often find them in fiction, where they signify dialogue, the words spoken by the characters. In newspapers, journalists use quotation marks to signify that something is a direct quote from a person in the article.When it comes to creating professional-looking quotations for your business, Excel is an excellent tool to use. Not only is it widely available and easy to use, but it also allows ...QuillBot’s punctuation checker leads to perfect punctuation every time. Our free punctuation checker makes sure every comma is where it is supposed to be and that every set of quotation marks is closed. QuillBot’s free AI-powered punctuation checker will instantly correct your punctuation errors. Punctuate like a pro …Dec 24, 2556 BE ... People often ask if there are exceptions to the American rule that periods and commas go inside the closing quotation mark. What if the thing in ...Correct Answer. A. Yes. Explanation. The comma is necessary to introduce the quote and the period belongs inside the quotation marks. Rate this question: 1 0. This quiz is designed so that you can practice the use of … Guides often provide specific use of quotations or italics pertaining to titles. Quotation Marks and Rules of Punctuation. When you insert quotes and dialog into text, you need to punctuate it correctly. What to capitalize and when, as well as where punctuation marks belong, can become confusing. Quotation Mark Basics. Quotations marks are used to denote language taken from another author or source. Keep in mind that APA prefers the use of paraphrases over direct quotations. Use direct quotations purposefully and sparingly. Note the bolding and highlighting used for emphasis in the examples on this page. An embedded quotation is a quotation that is taken from a piece of work such as a play, poem or novel and is placed within another piece of work such as a paper. Embedded quotation...Quotation Marks (“” ‘’) Quotation marks are punctuation marks that are used to indicate direct speech or emphasize a given word or phrase. There are many easy-to-overlook rules related to quotation mark usage. Common confusions involve capitalization, the use of quotes within quotes, and other punctuation marks.May 10, 2023 · In form, quotation marks (or simply “quotes” for short) are just commas, elevated to the top of a text line instead of at the bottom. Single quotation marks use only one comma—they look just like the apostrophe —while double quotation marks use two commas right next to each other. The direction the quotation marks face depends on ... Are you excited to test your English grammar knowledge? Our ' Punctuating Quotations And Dialogue Quiz Question and Answers ' tests your awareness of the correct punctuation when using quotation marks. Read the statement above the four choices, then choose the correct punctuation. Read the explanation for each question you miss by …RBC Capital analyst Kenneth Lee maintained a Buy rating on Owl Rock Capital (ORCC – Research Report) on February 26 and set a price target... RBC Capital analyst Kenneth Lee ...Aug 6, 2021 · Learn the rules of using quotation marks for direct and indirect quotes, titles, scare quotes, and single quotes. Follow the examples and tips to avoid common mistakes and improve your writing. Quotation Marks. A quotation mark is a form of punctuation. Writers can use single (’) or double ('') quotation marks, which have two primary purposes: to denote dialogue and to present a direct ...Quotation marks (" ") are a pair of punctuation marks used primarily to mark the beginning and end of a passage attributed to another and repeated word for ... Punctuation is defined as a set of symbols used to separate and clarify the meaning of sentences and written elements. In other words, punctuation tells readers of your writing where to pause, what words are quotations and which are clarifications, where words have been omitted, and more. When writing, we use punctuation to indicate these places of emphases. This handout should help to clarify when and how to use various marks of punctuation. Independent clause: a clause that has a subject and a verb and can stand alone; a complete sentence. Dependent clause: a clause that has a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone; an ... .

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