Releases a pheromone that mimics the one mother cats produce to calm and soothe kittens, making cats feel safe and secure ... Comfort Zone Spray & Scratch Control Calming Spray for Cats, 4-oz. Add to Cart. ThunderEase Calming Spray for Cats, 2-oz. Add to Cart. Customer Rating: Rated 3.3 out of 5 stars. 1,628. Cat calming spray is designed to help reduce anxiety and fear in your feline on the go or at home during stressful moments by releasing a mist that mimics natural feline facial pheromones. Pet parents have used feline calming spray to help relieve stress and reduce urine spraying, scratching and other unwanted behaviors. The Feliway Spray contains a natural pheromone to help cats cope with stressful situations. Visit us online at 365 Vet to place your order. Types of Cat Calming Aids: Collars Versus Diffusers Versus Sprays. Deciding between a collar, a diffuser, or a pheromone spray will depend on several factors, including your cat’s preferences (some won’t take to a collar), their environment (indoors or outdoors), and the frequency of relief needed (round-the-clock care or for occasional stressful episodes). FELIWAY Classic Cat Calming Pheromone Spray. $15.95, originally $24.99 $24.99 36% Off. on Amazon.com. Buy now. The FELIWAY Classic Cat Calming Pheromone Spray is a vet-recommended, anxiety ...This drug-free solution helps reduce common signs of stress in cats, including scratching, urine spraying, tension and conflicts between cats, fears, and reactions to changes. Mimics a mother cat's natural pheromones to promote a sense of calm. FELIWAY is vet recommended. Covers up to 700 square feet. For the best results, position the diffuser ... Hiding. Reactions to changes. 93% of cat owners report enhanced calming *, and a satisfaction rating of 9.1 out of 10. Please note: an additional discount code cannot be applied to a subscription. 1 x Diffuser. 1 x Vial of FELIWAY® Optimum 48mL. $34.99. In stock. One-time purchase $34.99. Feb 27, 2014 ... His symptoms will depend upon how much of the material he was exposed to and he absorbs.I recommend flushing his face copiously with cool water ...Most cats showed improved behavior within 1-2 weeks. Comfort Zone has a full line of cat calming products, including cat calming diffusers, multi cat calming diffusers, and cat pheromone sprays. Cat calming collars are …current price $25.90. Beloved Pets Dog Calming Pheromone Diffuser Refill 2 Pack | Improved in Germany DE-Stress Formula Anti-Anxiety Treatment for Cats | Reduce Spraying, Scratching, Fighting & Other Problematic Behaviors. 2. 4.5 out of 5 Stars. 2 reviews. Available for 2-day shipping.Esketamine nasal spray has been approved for treatment-resistant depression by the FDA. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved esketamine, a drug derived from ketamine, a...Aug 17, 2021 · 4.Work on for 9 in 10 cats: Especailly great for on the go, or spot treatment at home - you can spray this toxic free solution directly onto objects, your car, or cat carrier, your sofa and blanket ; 5.Safe solution: Our spray mimics natural feline facial pheromones, which helps to put cats at ease in a natural and safe way Feb 2, 2024 · The Feliway cat calming spray with pheromones is easy to use. It is recommended by most veterinarians to help cats adjust to stressful situations. The spray contains a drug-free solution or synthetic facial pheromones that is calming for cats. It lasts up to 5 hours. The 60mL bottle can be used up to 50 times. current price $25.90. Beloved Pets Dog Calming Pheromone Diffuser Refill 2 Pack | Improved in Germany DE-Stress Formula Anti-Anxiety Treatment for Cats | Reduce Spraying, Scratching, Fighting & Other Problematic Behaviors. 2. 4.5 out of 5 Stars. 2 reviews. Available for 2-day shipping.Deciding between a collar, a diffuser, or a pheromone spray will depend on several factors, including your cat’s preferences (some won’t take to a collar), their environment (indoors or outdoors), and the frequency of …Feliway aims to produce reassuring messages to your cat, using the pheromones associated with safety and comfort. So that they reduce anxiety and therefore stress-related behaviours. As pheromones are a normal part of cat communication, Feliway is not a drug. Therefore it has no side-effects, and cannot be overdosed.Cats spray to leave urine in the environment, which serves as a chemical message for other cats, allowing them to communicate without coming into close contact and avoiding unnecessary confrontations. ... Evaluation of a novel method for delivering a synthetic analogue of feline facial pheromone to control urine spraying by cats. Vet …Relaxivet Calming Pheromone Spray For Cats keeps cats calm and relaxed. It’s ideal for travel, boarding, and vet visits, offering a 100% de-stress formula. This drug-free spray eases anxiety and reduces undesirable behaviors caused by thunder, fireworks, and environmental changes in your pet cat.Are you considering improving your home’s energy efficiency with spray foam insulation? If so, one crucial aspect of the process is finding the right spray foam installers to ensur...FELIWAY Classic Spray helps to soothe your cat during travel and provides additional help at home. Transporting in a cat carrier. Vet visits. Targeted action on marked areas (urine …Pheromone products can gently help cats who are experiencing stress due to difficult circumstances. This can include a move, a car ride, changes in the home, or the introduction of a new pet or baby. In general, cat pheromone products are considered safe. They make it simple to infuse a space, such as a room, your car, or your pet's carrier ...Amazon. Best Overall: Feliway Cat Calming Pheromone Spray. $19. This spray uses synthetic pheromones to keep cats calm and relaxed during stressful situations, like going to the vet. It’s said to be effective for 90 percent of cats . $19 at Amazon. Amazon.To make the cat pheromones, you will need to mix 10 drops of valerian oil with 1 ounce of carrier oil. You can use any type of carrier oil, such as almond oil, jojoba oil, or grapeseed oil. Mix the oils together and store in a glass container. To use, put a few drops of the oil on your hands and rub them together.Do not spray pheromone directly to the cat. Do not use pheromone without reading the instructions and proper usage. It is also worth mentioning that pheromones cannot cause allergic reactions or overdose because the odor released is not absorbed into the bloodstream. Therefore, a product such as Feliway is …Mar 1, 2024 · Cat pheromone spray can be a quick escape mode for pet parents whenever their kitty is in scratching, marking territory mode. As per the current survey, it has been observed that Feliway pheromone spray is the best choice among pet parents, and its outcome is also positive as it works perfectly and prevents kitty from adapting to unusual behavior. Feliway Optimum Cat Enhanced Calming Pheromone Diffuser: This 30-day diffuser automatically and gradually releases Feliway Optimum. Feliway Optimum helps your cat deal with stress and may help reduce scratching, urine spraying, and fights between your cats. The diffuser covers up to 700 square feet.The Facts About Feliway Feline Pheromone Spray. Here’s the short answer: Feliway may help, but it doesn’t have the 9 out of 10 success rate the package promises. After years of accepting Feliway as a tried-and-true solution for feline stress and anxiety, I finally decided to sit down and do the research for myself.Cat pheromones are released from specific glands found around their bodies. The majority are located around their face – including the lower ears, chin, cheeks, forehead, and near the mouth. ... placebo-controlled clinical trial looked at the calming effect of Feliway spray versus a placebo spray on 87 cats that were being examined in a ...The cat calming spray is ideal for targeted areas, environment shifts, and easing stress when in their travel carrier. Comfort Zone has a full line of cat calming products, including cat calming diffusers, multi cat calming diffusers, and cat pheromone collars. Cat calming sprays are available in 2 oz (great for keeping …Since it's unlikely you and your cat take long strolls on the beach getting to know one other, you'll have to stick to finding out if you are astrologically compatible. Yes, we kno...Clean Pet Cat Relaxant Pheromone Spray - for Cats & Kitties - Reduces Stress and Anxiety - Stops Spraying Scratching & Other Problematic Behaviors - Scented & Unscented (Original) 3.8 out of 5 stars 45. 100+ bought in past month. $14.95 $ 14. 95 ($7.48/Fl Oz) $13.46 with Subscribe & Save discount.The cat calming spray is ideal for targeted areas, environment shifts, and easing stress when in their travel carrier. Comfort Zone has a full line of cat calming products, including cat calming diffusers, multi cat calming diffusers, and cat pheromone collars. Cat calming sprays are available in 2 oz (great for keeping …Cat pheromones can communicate various messages, from marking territory to attracting mates and bonding with their newborn kittens. Most mogs like to rub up against new objects and areas of their home to mark them as safe, while others (often un-neutered males) sometimes spray urine markers to warn other …May 25, 2018 ... Both the Feliway Classic spray and diffuser contain a synthetic copy of one of the feline facial pheromones. “Cats leave behind facial ...Targeted, temporary calming pheromone therapy helps control your cat's stress-related behaviors. With Feliway Spray, you can apply synthetic calming feline facial …Mice are repelled by the smell of cat urine, peppermint and Bounce dryer sheets. Cat urine repels mice because they equate it with death. The peppermint in tea bags, sprays and oil...In recent times, pheromone products have been developed by harnessing artificial replications of pheromones released by cats and dogs in varying situations. Pheromones are species-specific chemical messages used by animals to convey messages to one another and are often deposited into the environment. With the …Frequently bought together. This item: RELAXIVET Calming Spray for cats and dogs. $1290. +. Sentry Calming Chews for Cats, Calming Aid Helps to Manage Stress & Anxiety, With Pheromones That May Help Curb Destructive Behavior & Separation Anxiety, Calming Health Supplement for Cats, 4 oz. $998 ($0.17/Count)Many veterinary clinics and boarding facilities use pheromone sprays to calm and reassure an anxious or nervous cat. By spraying some of the pheromone on a towel and placing the towel in the cat's cage, the demeanor of the cat often changes for the better. Dr. Amy Wolff. 2014-12-10.Our cat-calming solutions reduce common signs of stress and enhance happiness for your cat using feline pheromones. FELIWAY® are the experts in cat well-being. ... FELIWAY Classic Spray. close. back. DISCOVER FELIWAY RANGES. FELIWAY Optimum. The best ever FELIWAY. FELIWAY Classic. Contributes to the happiness of cats.Feline facial pheromones are the “feel good” pheromones that make kitties feel happy and safe. These have been broken down into five subcategories — F1 …The cat calming spray is ideal for targeted areas, environment shifts, and easing stress when in their travel carrier. Comfort Zone has a full line of cat calming products, including cat calming diffusers, multi cat calming diffusers, and cat pheromone collars. Cat calming sprays are available in 2 oz (great for keeping …STOCKHOLM, March 30, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- The Polygiene® partner Colors is now launching the Regenesis ViralOff® Trigger Shield sprays and other r... STOCKHOLM, March 30, 2021 /PRN...Cartridges ready for a stressful situation. FELIWAY Help! Pack of 3 cartridges. Pack of 3 Cartridges (3x7 d... £17.60. BUY NOW. Browse our full range of cat-calming products and solutions. Cat pheromone diffusers and calming sprays are an ideal solution for cat stress. Shop online today.Behavior Correction Spray for Cats, Pheromone Mist and Noise. Add. $17.71. current price $17.71. SENTRY Stop That! Behavior Correction Spray for Cats, Pheromone Mist and Noise. 83 4.1 out of 5 Stars. 83 reviews. Available for 3+ day shipping 3+ day shipping. ALZOO All Natural Calming Spray for Cats. Add.Replace your FELIWAY ® Classic Refill every 30 days to continue to create a loving and comfortable home for your cat.. FELIWAY® Classic helps reduce signs of stress in cats such as: Scratching; Urine Spraying; Hiding; Home changes FELIWAY® Classic Refill requires a FELIWAY® Diffuser (diffuser not included) and should be …Feliway is a synthetic copy of this pheromone and is proven to reassure and comfort cats, helping them to cope with changes in their environment. Developed after years of veterinary research, Feliway is scientifically proven to help stop unwanted behaviour in cats and has 18 scientific studies. Approximate Dimensions (Product): 12 x 4.7 x 4.7cm.You will need to decide between a spray, a diffuser, wipes, drops, or a collar. Diffusers and collars tend to be the simplest and least invasive to use. 2. Identify when the pheromone is needed. If you are using pheromones to help your dog with anxiety, you will need to assess when the pheromone is needed.Jan 4, 2022 · Calms Nervous Cats. Non-Sedating Cat Calming Spray. Long Lasting Concentrated Formula. Use To Eliminate Negative Behavior. Pheromone Cat Calming Spray. Used To Correct Negative Behavior. Lavender & Chamomile Scent. Use In Multi-Cat Households. Used To Correct Fighting, Scratching & Hissing. Cat Calming Sprays and Diffusers. At Petco, we have solutions that may help pet parents calm their cats. You can use a cat calming spray, cat diffuser, cat calming collars and calming supplements to help support and soothe your pet. A calming diffuser works by releasing a room-wide, synthetic, cat appeasing pheromone that mimics the natural …The 10 Best Cat Calming Sprays. 1. Feliway Classic Calming Spray for Cats – Best Overall. Feliway Classic Calming Spray for Cats mimics the natural scent and facial pheromones left behind when cats rub themselves up against furniture and is our top choice of calming spray for cats overall.Female cats that continue to spray after they have been spayed may have part of their ovaries left behind from when they were altered. Spaying a cat is effective at stopping female...There is a can of Pam in my kitchen that has a small hole in the lid. Lots of other cans have this hole. Why? Advertisement These little holes are a good example of "a feature buil...Feliway Spray is easy to use – just shake and spray around your home to help your cat or kitten feel at ease, or inside their cat carrier before a trip to the vet. This product synthesises the natural pheromone released by cats, and has been scientifically proven to alleviate symptoms of fear and stress in felines of all ages.FELIWAY® is the #1 vet recommended pheromone brand to reduce conflict among cats. FELIWAY® releases “serenity messages” to help cats get along. May reduce fighting or signs of tension between cats, like chasing or blocking. Plug the diffuser in the area where your cats spend most of their time. Try FELIWAY® risk free with a 60 day ... Merchant Response. It sounds like you and your cat may have had a bad experience with Sentry Calming Spray. We want to assure you that quality and safety are very important to us, as pet parents ourselves we want the best for our pets. We would like the chance to understand what happened. Please call us at 1-800-224-7387. The Gilroy pheromone is a fictional pheromone used in the film “Ocean’s Thirteen” by Linus (Matt Damon) to attract Abigail (Ellen Barkin). According to IMDb, the inside joke is on ...Best Cat Calming Pheromone Sprays. How to Choose. Product Criteria. Read More. Best Cat Calming Pheromone Collars. Calming collars provide a mobile and fast-acting way …Feb 27, 2014 ... His symptoms will depend upon how much of the material he was exposed to and he absorbs.I recommend flushing his face copiously with cool water ...6. Feliway Cat Calming Pheromone Travel Spray. Cat owners who want a stress-free travel with their four-legged friend should consider CEVA Pheromone Spray as the best for travel. This formula reduces tension and prevents your cat from destructively scratching your properties and doing his business inside your home.Urine spraying. Tension & conflict between cats. Hiding. Reactions to changes. 93% of cat owners report enhanced calming *, and a satisfaction rating of 9.1 out of 10. Please note: an additional discount code cannot be applied to a subscription. 1 x Diffuser. 1 x Vial of FELIWAY® Optimum 48mL. $34.99.Calming spray for cats made with Plants,100% plant-based active ingredients with a calming blend of pheromones and lavender.Cat calming pheromone spray does not cause adverse reactions.The cat calming spray begins to work within ten minutes.Cat pheromones calming spray is safe for cats and people when used as …Using pheromones recognised by your cat, the Beaphar CatComfort® Calming Diffuser is a simple way of helping your cat feel at ease and reducing common behavioural problems around the home, such as inappropriate vertical scratching or spraying.. For continuous reassurance, use the Beaphar CatComfort® 30 Day Refill.Each refill is effective for up to …Helps reduce stress and behaviors caused by anxiety, including scratching, fighting, urine marking and hiding. Helps your kitty cope with stress at home or on the go, making it great for vet visits, car rides and loud noises like thunderstorms. Comes with one 60ml calming pheromone, plus catnip spray.Feb 2, 2024 · The Feliway cat calming spray with pheromones is easy to use. It is recommended by most veterinarians to help cats adjust to stressful situations. The spray contains a drug-free solution or synthetic facial pheromones that is calming for cats. It lasts up to 5 hours. The 60mL bottle can be used up to 50 times. 1. Relaxivet Natural Calming Spray. The Relaxivet Natural Calming Spray helps promote relief of anxiety for your pet (cat and dog). Having said that, product …Best selling · Feliway Optimum Diffuser Refill for Cats · Feliway Classic Spray for Cats - 60ml.You will need to decide between a spray, a diffuser, wipes, drops, or a collar. Diffusers and collars tend to be the simplest and least invasive to use. 2. Identify when the pheromone is needed. If you are using pheromones to help your dog with anxiety, you will need to assess when the pheromone is needed.SENTRY PET Care Sentry Calming Spray for Cats, Uses Pheromones to Reduce Stress, Easy Spray Application, Helps Cats with Separation, Travel, Loud Noises, and Anxiety, Packaging May Vary. 4.1 out of 5 stars 258. 200+ bought in past month. $14.30 $ 14. 30 ($14.30/Count) List: $19.99 $19.99.The Spray & Scratch Control Spray from Comfort Zone can also be used as a spot treatment releasing calming pheromones for cats. Pheromone wipes Pheromone wipes can be used to wipe over things your cat comes into contact with, like cat carriers, to help keep them calm in situations like traveling. Cat urine, especially that of male cats, contains the putative cat pheromone 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol (MMB), a compound that gives cat urine its typical odor. The MMB precursor felinine is synthesized in the urine from 3-methylbutanol-cysteinylglycine (3-MBCG) by the excreted peptidase cauxin. Felinine then slowly degrades into the ... 1848. $ 1199. Calming Pheromone Spray & Scratch Repellent for Cats - Reduce Scratching Furniture, Pee - During Travel, Fireworks, Thunder, Vet Zone - Helps to Relief Stress, Fighting, Hiding. 331. $ 908. Cat Anxiety Relief Spray, 50ml Natural Ingredients Nutritional Pets Pheromone Calming Spray For Pet Hospital For Cats. $ 2499. There’s a tricky category of product out there: cans of stuff that can be sprayed into the air of a room, with labels saying they can kill bacteria. Here’s the catch: Those are two...Cat Appeasing Pheromones (C.A.P) The cat appeasing pheromone is the appeasing pheromone, produced by mother cats to ensure harmony, and help her kittens feel safe and secure. It can also help cats to get along with each other, stimulating social contact and acceptance, and limiting social conflict and escape …A New Feline Pheromone Complex to convey more impactful messages, discover more. Helps cats with more signs of stress, in more situations, and calms cats better than ever. To ensure optimum effect, plug in continuously, change the refill every month and replace the diffuser every six months. Veterinarian Recommended.Pheromone sprays release the same pheromone a mother cat would produce while caring for her litter, called the appeasing pheromone. As a result, pheromone sprays can have a soothing, relaxing effect on cats, helping your pet overcome anxiety, ease stress, or prevent problematic behaviors that stem …Provide targeted, calming support to your cat. Drug-free solution helps to reduce signs of stress in cats, like scratching and urine spraying. Mimics a mother’s pheromones to promote a natural sense of calmness. May help to make vet visits, new environments and travel less stressful. Use directly on areas at home that your cat marks, or use ...FELIWAY Classic Cat Calming Pheromone Spray (60 mL) 29,089. $24.99 $ 24. 99. 0:10 . Sentry Calming Chews for Cats, Calming Aid Helps to Manage Stress & Anxiety, With Pheromones That May Help Curb Destructive Behavior & Separation Anxiety, Calming Health Supplement for Cats, 4 oz. 956. $9.98 $ 9. 98.Restraining an injured cat is a great technique to learn to help your pet. Learn the best ways to restrain an injured cat in any mood. Advertisement Restraining an injured cat is a... Feliway Spray is ideal for curbing your cat's stress response while traveling, during veterinarian visits, and in other stressful situations. Simply spray on your cat's bedding, toys, collars, blankets, crate/kennel interior, your car interior surfaces, etc., to provide 4-5 hours of reassuring comfort. The synthetic F3 Feline Facial Pheromone ... In turn, pheromones also help lower stress levels in cats, often helping keep illness and discomfort at bay. “Stress is caused when you upset the balance,” says Carozza. This includes challenging situations from holidays to trips to the vet, environmental changes and conflict with other animals. “Pheromones can ease the stress hormones ...Pheromones are chemicals that animals use to communicate with members of the same species. Cats use different pheromones to send chemical signals that influence the behaviors of the cats around them. Both male cats and female cats naturally release pheromone messages for a number of reasons, including: Marking territory.Pheromones for Cats Explained. Cats are creatures of habit, and when something disrupts their routine, it can quickly cause them to feel stressed or anxious. This, in turn, can lead to a number of worrying behavioural changes, including not eating, hiding, or being destructive in the home. Here, we explain …One small spray redirects your cat’s attention and stops unwanted behavior immediately. Uses noise and pheromone technology together to stop behavior like jumping on counters, scratching, clawing, destruction of household items, marking, excessive meowing, and other aggressive or anti-social behaviors.Using pheromones recognised by your cat, the Beaphar CatComfort® Calming Diffuser is a simple way of helping your cat feel at ease and reducing common behavioural problems around the home, such as inappropriate vertical scratching or spraying.. For continuous reassurance, use the Beaphar CatComfort® 30 Day Refill.Each refill is effective for up to …COOL KITTY CALMING SPRAY - Help keep your kitty cool, calm, and collected with the Pet MasterMind calming pheromone cat spray. This spray takes the anxiety out of stressful events such as vet appointments, moving, and more. CALMS NERVES - Cats often spray urine when they are anxious or feel threatened. Whether …FELIWAY Classic Cat Calming Pheromone Spray (60 mL) 29,089. $24.99 $ 24. 99. 0:10 . Sentry Calming Chews for Cats, Calming Aid Helps to Manage Stress & Anxiety, With Pheromones That May Help Curb Destructive Behavior & Separation Anxiety, Calming Health Supplement for Cats, 4 oz. 956. $9.98 $ 9. 98.Farnam Comfort Zone Feliway Cat Spray is a popular pheromone spray that helps reduce stress and anxiety in cats. This product can also help prevent unwanted behaviors, such as scratching or spraying. 7. Adaptil Calming Spray for Cats. Adaptil Calming Spray for Cats is a synthetic pheromone spray that helps reduce stress and anxiety in cats.
Our cat-calming solutions reduce common signs of stress and enhance happiness for your cat using feline pheromones. FELIWAY® are the experts in cat well-being. ... FELIWAY Classic Spray. close. back. DISCOVER FELIWAY RANGES. FELIWAY Optimum. The best ever FELIWAY. FELIWAY Classic. Contributes to the happiness of cats.. Adult friend finder scam
Pheromones are chemicals that animals use to communicate with members of the same species. Cats use different pheromones to send chemical signals that influence the behaviors of the cats around them. Both male cats and female cats naturally release pheromone messages for a number of reasons, including: Marking territory.Learn how to calm your cat with pheromone products that mimic natural cat-appeasing pheromones. Find out the benefits, drawbacks, and recommendations for …Since it's unlikely you and your cat take long strolls on the beach getting to know one other, you'll have to stick to finding out if you are astrologically compatible. Yes, we kno...Best selling · Feliway Optimum Diffuser Refill for Cats · Feliway Classic Spray for Cats - 60ml.FELIWAY® is the #1 vet recommended pheromone brand to reduce conflict among cats. FELIWAY® releases “serenity messages” to help cats get along. May reduce fighting or signs of tension between cats, like chasing or blocking. Plug the diffuser in the area where your cats spend most of their time. Try FELIWAY® risk free with a 60 day ...Pheromones are also used to reduce stress-related behaviour. FELIWAY Classic, for example, uses the same pheromone that cats naturally release to send reassuring messages. They reduce the need for your cat to hide, as well as scratch and urine spray. Pheromones are a natural way for cats to communicate. FELIWAY pheromones … Q: Do pet pheromone products work? A: Most of the research that's been published or presented at veterinary conferences has been done on Feliway (cat pheromones) and D.A.P. (Dog Appeasing Pheromone). Cats spray to leave urine in the environment, which serves as a chemical message for other cats, allowing them to communicate without coming into close contact and avoiding unnecessary confrontations. ... Evaluation of a novel method for delivering a synthetic analogue of feline facial pheromone to control urine spraying by cats. Vet …FELIWAY Classic Spray helps to soothe your cat during travel and provides additional help at home. Transporting in a cat carrier. Vet visits. Targeted action on marked areas (urine …Calms Nervous Cats. Non-Sedating Cat Calming Spray. Long Lasting Concentrated Formula. Use To Eliminate Negative Behavior. Pheromone Cat Calming Spray. Used To Correct Negative Behavior. Lavender & Chamomile Scent. Use In Multi-Cat Households. Used To Correct Fighting, Scratching & Hissing..